Discuss the provisions of Minimum Wages Act 1948 regarding fixation of minimum rates of wages

Here is a point-wise, 600-word detailed explanation on the safety measures for workers under the Factories Act, 1948, along with a realistic human-oriented infographic image:

Safety Provisions for Workers under the Factories Act, 1948

The Factories Act, 1948 was enacted to ensure the safety, health, and welfare of workers employed in factories. Chapter IV of the Act (Sections 21 to 41H) lays down comprehensive safety provisions aimed at minimizing workplace hazards.

🛡️ 1. Fencing of Machinery – Section 21

• All dangerous parts of machinery must be securely fenced.

• Fencing must always be in place while the machine is in motion.

• Guards must prevent accidental contact with moving parts.

🧰 2. Work on or Near Machinery in Motion – Section 22

• Only specially trained adult male workers can work near moving machinery.

• Requires written permission from the factory manager.

• Workers must wear tight-fitting clothing.

⚙️ 3. Employment of Young Persons on Dangerous Machines – Section 23

• No young person (under 18) shall operate a dangerous machine unless:

  • He has received sufficient training.

  • Is under supervision of a knowledgeable adult.

🚨 4. Striking Gear and Devices for Cutting Off Power – Section 24

• All machines must be equipped with emergency stop switches or gears.

• These devices must be easily accessible in case of emergencies.

🛑 5. Self-Acting Machines – Section 25

• No part of a self-acting machine shall extend beyond 45 cm from its base.

• Prevents collision with workers moving around the machine.

🚷 6. Casing of New Machinery – Section 26

• Gears, pulleys, and moving parts of new machinery must be completely enclosed.

• Reduces the risk of accidental entanglement or amputation.

🚫 7. Prohibition of Employment of Women and Children Near Cotton Openers – Section 27

• Women and children cannot be employed near cotton openers.

• Exception: If the machine is enclosed to prevent harm.

🔥 8. Safety of Buildings and Machinery – Section 38

• Factory buildings and structures must be stable and well-maintained.

• Periodic inspections are necessary to prevent collapse or accidents.

🧯 9. Precautions in Case of Fire – Section 38

• All factories must have:

  • Fire extinguishers.

  • Fire exits and escape routes.

  • Fire drills and training.

• Workers should know how to evacuate safely.

🧪 10. Dangerous Fumes and Gases – Section 36

• Entry into tanks, pits, or confined spaces with harmful gases is prohibited unless:

  • Space is properly ventilated.

  • Worker wears an oxygen mask or breathing apparatus.

💀 11. Protection Against Toxic Substances – Section 41B

• Factories handling hazardous processes must:

  • Disclose chemical details to workers.

  • Maintain Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).

  • Ensure medical check-ups and protective gear.

📊 12. Safety Committees – Section 41G

• Factories with hazardous processes must constitute a Safety Committee.

• Includes worker and management representatives.

• Reviews accidents, conducts audits, and promotes safety culture.

📢 13. Worker Training and Supervision – Section 111A

• Workers have the right to:

  • Be informed about hazards.

  • Receive safety training.

  • Access safety equipment.

📞 14. Emergency Standards and Safety Reports – Section 41C & 41E

• Factories must prepare:

  • On-site emergency plans.

  • Disaster management protocols.

  • Submit safety audit reports to authorities.

⚖️ 15. Penalty for Non-Compliance – Section 92

• Failure to implement safety measures can lead to:

  • Imprisonment up to 2 years.

  • Fine up to ₹1,00,000.

  • Continuous violation attracts additional daily fine.

✅ Conclusion

The Factories Act, 1948 ensures that workers are protected from industrial risks. By enforcing mechanical safeguards, training, and supervision, the Act fosters a safe working environment, essential for the dignity, life, and health of workers.